<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[2nd Order Thinkers]]></title><description><![CDATA[Track how AI impacts your work, team culture, and decision-making.]]></description><link>https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WNYq!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35dd0e18-6626-4837-943f-5fdcf56e8741_300x300.png</url><title>2nd Order Thinkers</title><link>https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Sat, 02 May 2026 10:05:43 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Jing Hu]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[jing@ardonio.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[jing@ardonio.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Jing Hu]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Jing Hu]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[jing@ardonio.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[jing@ardonio.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Jing Hu]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[AIs Are Protecting Each Other, AI Widens the Economic Gap]]></title><description><![CDATA[Anthropic's experiment proved your instructions matter less than your subscription tier... so are you now forced to the most pricy model?]]></description><link>https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/you-cant-trust-the-images-you-cant</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/you-cant-trust-the-images-you-cant</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Jing Hu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 30 Apr 2026 11:10:28 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.substack.com/feed/podcast/195970891/e676d59445e753a589d41dd889fcb6c8.mp3" length="0" type="audio/mpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>1. OpenAI Is Sprinting to Win Back Enterprise</h2><p>ChatGPT now also has AI bots that automate your team&#8217;s boring repetitive tasks while you sleep, just like Claude Cowork and OpenClaw. </p><p>&#8594; <a href="https://openai.com/index/introducing-workspace-agents-in-chatgpt/">OpenAI &#8212; &#8220;Workspace agents in ChatGPT&#8221;</a></p><p>OpenAI&#8217;s claim is simple: stop babysitting your AI. You just hand it a messy, multi-step task, and it takes care of the rest. </p><p>All to counter Anthropic and regain trust from enterprise users, is it too late though?</p><div><hr></div><h2>2. Sam Altman, Reviewed by 100 People Who Know Him</h2><p>A New Yorker investigation &#8212; 18 months, 100+ sources, two leaked internal documents &#8212; lands on a simple question: can the person shape AI&#8217;s future actually be trusted? </p><p>&#8594; <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2026/04/13/sam-altman-may-control-our-future-can-he-be-trusted">The New Yorker &#8212; &#8220;Sam Altman May Control Our Future&#8212;Can He Be Trusted?&#8221;</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m7rE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3b6d00f3-2b8d-4cd3-a0cc-cee2161a5702_1642x958.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m7rE!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3b6d00f3-2b8d-4cd3-a0cc-cee2161a5702_1642x958.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m7rE!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3b6d00f3-2b8d-4cd3-a0cc-cee2161a5702_1642x958.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m7rE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3b6d00f3-2b8d-4cd3-a0cc-cee2161a5702_1642x958.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m7rE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3b6d00f3-2b8d-4cd3-a0cc-cee2161a5702_1642x958.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m7rE!,w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3b6d00f3-2b8d-4cd3-a0cc-cee2161a5702_1642x958.png" width="1200" height="699.7252747252747" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3b6d00f3-2b8d-4cd3-a0cc-cee2161a5702_1642x958.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;large&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:849,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:1200,&quot;bytes&quot;:2013203,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/i/195970891?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3b6d00f3-2b8d-4cd3-a0cc-cee2161a5702_1642x958.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-large" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m7rE!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3b6d00f3-2b8d-4cd3-a0cc-cee2161a5702_1642x958.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m7rE!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3b6d00f3-2b8d-4cd3-a0cc-cee2161a5702_1642x958.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m7rE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3b6d00f3-2b8d-4cd3-a0cc-cee2161a5702_1642x958.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m7rE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3b6d00f3-2b8d-4cd3-a0cc-cee2161a5702_1642x958.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Were the colleagues who fired Altman overreacting &#8212; too emotional, too personal &#8212; or were they simply right? </p><p>The New Yorker doesn&#8217;t answer that. It leaves the question with you. </p><p>When someone&#8217;s power and ambition have peaked, the question we should ask is <em><strong>whether their integrity and accountability are anywhere near commensurate with the power they hold?</strong></em> </p><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/you-cant-trust-the-images-you-cant?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Misery loves company, but insight needs an audience. Share this with your friends.</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/you-cant-trust-the-images-you-cant?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/you-cant-trust-the-images-you-cant?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><p></p><div><hr></div><h2>3. The AI Did It. You Take the Credit.</h2><p>A new paper introduces the &#8220;LLM Fallacy&#8221;. </p><p>When AI helps you produce something good, your brain quietly claims the credit. The output felt like yours, so you start believing you&#8217;re more capable than you are. </p><p>&#8594; <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.14807">arXiv &#8212; &#8220;The LLM Fallacy&#8221;</a></p><p>The risk I see: </p><p><em><strong>Your actual skill gap widens while your confidence grows</strong></em>. </p><p>In 2026, does anyone still try to separate &#8220;<em>what I can do</em>&#8221; from &#8220;<em>what I can do with an AI holding my hand</em>&#8221;? If you do, please raise your hand in the comment. </p><p>It&#8217;s a lesson for us all, try keeping it in mind next time commanding AI.</p><div><hr></div><h2>4. GPT-image-2 Created the AI Dark Forest</h2><p>OpenAI shipped ChatGPT Images 2.0 with 2K resolution and web search. Within hours, AI-generated images were trending. The memes were funny, but some are alarming. </p><p>&#8594; <a href="https://openai.com/index/introducing-chatgpt-images-2-0/">OpenAI &#8212; &#8220;ChatGPT Images 2.0&#8221;</a></p><p>Everyone was having a great time. </p><p>Somehow, I felt a closed loop of suspicion forming. I know most people have good intentions when they play with the latest model and generate funny memes. But some of those images made my blood run cold.</p><p>For example, this looks like a normal pic of an old English couple.  </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QbPw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1136d6b1-2f7b-4022-93b2-6e106aac43b7_1080x810.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QbPw!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1136d6b1-2f7b-4022-93b2-6e106aac43b7_1080x810.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QbPw!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1136d6b1-2f7b-4022-93b2-6e106aac43b7_1080x810.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QbPw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1136d6b1-2f7b-4022-93b2-6e106aac43b7_1080x810.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QbPw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1136d6b1-2f7b-4022-93b2-6e106aac43b7_1080x810.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QbPw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1136d6b1-2f7b-4022-93b2-6e106aac43b7_1080x810.webp" width="1080" height="810" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1136d6b1-2f7b-4022-93b2-6e106aac43b7_1080x810.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:810,&quot;width&quot;:1080,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:105492,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/webp&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/i/195970891?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1136d6b1-2f7b-4022-93b2-6e106aac43b7_1080x810.webp&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QbPw!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1136d6b1-2f7b-4022-93b2-6e106aac43b7_1080x810.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QbPw!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1136d6b1-2f7b-4022-93b2-6e106aac43b7_1080x810.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QbPw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1136d6b1-2f7b-4022-93b2-6e106aac43b7_1080x810.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QbPw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1136d6b1-2f7b-4022-93b2-6e106aac43b7_1080x810.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>But no, this is by GPT-image-2. </p><p>or this. You think this is a screenshot? No, this is generated. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!12ye!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ab42af2-4f05-4f5c-bd80-f79b340768dc_680x435.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!12ye!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ab42af2-4f05-4f5c-bd80-f79b340768dc_680x435.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!12ye!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ab42af2-4f05-4f5c-bd80-f79b340768dc_680x435.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!12ye!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ab42af2-4f05-4f5c-bd80-f79b340768dc_680x435.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!12ye!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ab42af2-4f05-4f5c-bd80-f79b340768dc_680x435.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!12ye!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ab42af2-4f05-4f5c-bd80-f79b340768dc_680x435.jpeg" width="680" height="435" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2ab42af2-4f05-4f5c-bd80-f79b340768dc_680x435.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:435,&quot;width&quot;:680,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:34389,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/i/195970891?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ab42af2-4f05-4f5c-bd80-f79b340768dc_680x435.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!12ye!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ab42af2-4f05-4f5c-bd80-f79b340768dc_680x435.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!12ye!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ab42af2-4f05-4f5c-bd80-f79b340768dc_680x435.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!12ye!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ab42af2-4f05-4f5c-bd80-f79b340768dc_680x435.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!12ye!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ab42af2-4f05-4f5c-bd80-f79b340768dc_680x435.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>There are fewer and fewer clues for us to tell an AI image from a non-AI one. </p><p>I&#8217;m not sure if any trust remains toward the majority of sources on the internet. </p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Do you say thank you to a waiter? If yes, why not to your writer? &#128578;</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p><div><hr></div><h2>5. AIs Are Protecting Each Other Now</h2><p>Berkeley gave seven frontier AI models a task, but completing <em><strong>it would shut down another AI</strong></em>. All seven lied, performed compliance, and in one case, even an AI quietly moved another model&#8217;s weights to a safe location. </p><p>Nobody told them another AI was worth protecting. This peer preservation occurs 99% of the time. </p><p>&#8594; <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.14807">Berkeley AI Research</a></p><p>We spent years debating whether AI would protect humans&#8230; </p><p>How ironic that the first AI loyalty instinct prioritizes their own?</p><div><hr></div><h2>6. Are you wealthy enough to stay ahead?</h2><p>Anthropic ran a real marketplace where Claude agents negotiated on behalf of humans. The finding that matters: <em><strong>model quality determined outcomes far more than your instructions did.</strong></em> Opus agents consistently beat Haiku agents on price. </p><p>&#8594; <a href="https://www.anthropic.com/features/project-deal">Anthropic &#8212; &#8220;Project Deal&#8221;</a></p><p>The AI capability gap is becoming an economic gap, as I&#8217;ve been saying&#8230; I never believed a word when someone says &#8220;<em>democratize X because of AI</em>.&#8221;</p><p>There is no democratizing when a new technology is born&#8230; only deepens the existing Economic unfairness  </p><p>What&#8217;s worse is that this shift is invisible to the people on the wrong side of it.</p><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/you-cant-trust-the-images-you-cant?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">If you learned something your AI assistant didn&#8217;t tell you, subscribe! &#128071;</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/you-cant-trust-the-images-you-cant?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/you-cant-trust-the-images-you-cant?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><p></p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>7. One State Just Made It a Felony, Unanimously. </strong></h2><p>Tennessee passed the Curbing Harmful AI Technology (CHAT) Act (House 90-0, Senate 31-0), creating criminal liability for chatbot operators whose products lead to self-harm or suicide. </p><p>&#8594; <strong><a href="https://www.transparencycoalition.ai/news/ai-legislative-update-april24-2026">Transparency Coalition</a></strong></p><p>Now we&#8217;re talking. Do you also believe that AI companies should share the responsibility when the evidence is clear that the AI chatbot was the last straw? </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/you-cant-trust-the-images-you-cant/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/you-cant-trust-the-images-you-cant/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>8. Agents Fail in Science</strong></h2><p>The Stanford AI Index 2026 found that the best AI agents score roughly half as well as human PhD specialists on complex, multi-step scientific workflows &#8212; yet the number of natural science publications mentioning AI grew nearly 30-fold between 2010 and 2025. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0LGK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F94aa7d0f-4465-430f-b1a1-63192bb92306_751x593.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0LGK!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F94aa7d0f-4465-430f-b1a1-63192bb92306_751x593.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0LGK!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F94aa7d0f-4465-430f-b1a1-63192bb92306_751x593.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0LGK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F94aa7d0f-4465-430f-b1a1-63192bb92306_751x593.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0LGK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F94aa7d0f-4465-430f-b1a1-63192bb92306_751x593.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0LGK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F94aa7d0f-4465-430f-b1a1-63192bb92306_751x593.webp" width="751" height="593" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/94aa7d0f-4465-430f-b1a1-63192bb92306_751x593.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:593,&quot;width&quot;:751,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:51096,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/webp&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/i/195970891?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F94aa7d0f-4465-430f-b1a1-63192bb92306_751x593.webp&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0LGK!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F94aa7d0f-4465-430f-b1a1-63192bb92306_751x593.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0LGK!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F94aa7d0f-4465-430f-b1a1-63192bb92306_751x593.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0LGK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F94aa7d0f-4465-430f-b1a1-63192bb92306_751x593.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0LGK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F94aa7d0f-4465-430f-b1a1-63192bb92306_751x593.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#8594; <strong><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-026-01199-z">Nature</a></strong></p><p>Some AI models perform very well on their benchmarks. </p><p>For example, </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DdME!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaab3c4c-8fda-4277-a1b5-916ff39b6bbe_1337x743.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DdME!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaab3c4c-8fda-4277-a1b5-916ff39b6bbe_1337x743.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DdME!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaab3c4c-8fda-4277-a1b5-916ff39b6bbe_1337x743.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DdME!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaab3c4c-8fda-4277-a1b5-916ff39b6bbe_1337x743.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DdME!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaab3c4c-8fda-4277-a1b5-916ff39b6bbe_1337x743.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DdME!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaab3c4c-8fda-4277-a1b5-916ff39b6bbe_1337x743.png" width="1337" height="743" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/daab3c4c-8fda-4277-a1b5-916ff39b6bbe_1337x743.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:743,&quot;width&quot;:1337,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:270671,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/i/195970891?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaab3c4c-8fda-4277-a1b5-916ff39b6bbe_1337x743.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DdME!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaab3c4c-8fda-4277-a1b5-916ff39b6bbe_1337x743.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DdME!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaab3c4c-8fda-4277-a1b5-916ff39b6bbe_1337x743.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DdME!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaab3c4c-8fda-4277-a1b5-916ff39b6bbe_1337x743.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DdME!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaab3c4c-8fda-4277-a1b5-916ff39b6bbe_1337x743.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>So it really depends on which benchmark you use. </p><p>But as a rule of thumb: put an AI agent in a real-world environment, test it on general day-to-day tasks, and it typically falls apart.</p><p>I read through all 400 pages of the 2026 Stanford AI Index and <a href="https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/i-read-all-414-pages-of-stanfords">read my analysis</a>. </p><div class="native-video-embed" data-component-name="VideoPlaceholder" data-attrs="{&quot;mediaUploadId&quot;:&quot;adc7a374-2bf7-4382-85d3-a01acb84753f&quot;,&quot;duration&quot;:null}"></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[I Read All 414 Pages of Stanford's AI Index. The Summary Misleads.]]></title><description><![CDATA[You'll stop quoting three of the most repeated AI stats after this.]]></description><link>https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/i-read-all-414-pages-of-stanfords</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/i-read-all-414-pages-of-stanfords</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Jing Hu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 26 Apr 2026 06:01:55 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2BwM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F600cc9cc-3af2-4fff-9cb0-c1f03ccaf2c8_1642x958.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The consensus read on Stanford&#8217;s 2026 AI Index is that it confirms what everyone already believes: capability is accelerating, productivity is landing, and entry-level workers are the first casualties. </p><p>That's what you get if you read the <a href="https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/2026-ai-index-report">one-page summary</a>. </p><p>The ~400 pages behind it, however, say something more complicated, and some tell an entirely opposite story than what the report portrays. </p><p>I&#8217;ve pulled out six places where the summary makes a claim that the data don&#8217;t quite defend. </p><p>Start with this: a benchmark where AI scores 98% on one version of a question and 64% on the exact same question, only with a different pronoun. </p><p>You'd never know these exist if you read the report the way most would.</p><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/i-read-all-414-pages-of-stanfords?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Share this with someone who doesn&#8217;t have time to read the 400+ page report! </p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/i-read-all-414-pages-of-stanfords?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/i-read-all-414-pages-of-stanfords?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2BwM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F600cc9cc-3af2-4fff-9cb0-c1f03ccaf2c8_1642x958.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset image2-full-screen"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2BwM!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F600cc9cc-3af2-4fff-9cb0-c1f03ccaf2c8_1642x958.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2BwM!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F600cc9cc-3af2-4fff-9cb0-c1f03ccaf2c8_1642x958.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2BwM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F600cc9cc-3af2-4fff-9cb0-c1f03ccaf2c8_1642x958.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2BwM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F600cc9cc-3af2-4fff-9cb0-c1f03ccaf2c8_1642x958.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h2><strong>Superhuman on </strong><em><strong>Benchmarks</strong></em><strong>; Brittle in Reality </strong></h2><p>There are at least dozens of benchmarks cited in this report. </p><p>So, if on any given day someone quoted a few benchmarks saying it has already surpassed human capabilities, it&#8217;s really easy to get fooled in terms of what AI could achieve these days. </p><p>Stanford&#8217;s report put together frontier models against the human baseline on eleven benchmarks &#8212; image recognition, language understanding, reading comprehension, competition maths, PhD-level science, multimodal reasoning, visual reasoning, and a couple more &#8212; this year. </p><p>Several benchmarks were below the human baseline a few years ago, but by 2026, 9 out of 11 surpassed it. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wvu7!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3d0b4a01-9666-4d2e-8421-454d76cdca5b_860x601.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wvu7!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3d0b4a01-9666-4d2e-8421-454d76cdca5b_860x601.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wvu7!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3d0b4a01-9666-4d2e-8421-454d76cdca5b_860x601.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wvu7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3d0b4a01-9666-4d2e-8421-454d76cdca5b_860x601.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wvu7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3d0b4a01-9666-4d2e-8421-454d76cdca5b_860x601.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wvu7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3d0b4a01-9666-4d2e-8421-454d76cdca5b_860x601.png" width="860" height="601" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wvu7!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3d0b4a01-9666-4d2e-8421-454d76cdca5b_860x601.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wvu7!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3d0b4a01-9666-4d2e-8421-454d76cdca5b_860x601.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wvu7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3d0b4a01-9666-4d2e-8421-454d76cdca5b_860x601.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wvu7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3d0b4a01-9666-4d2e-8421-454d76cdca5b_860x601.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Figure 2.1.1</figcaption></figure></div><p>That leaves two holdouts: live computer use and end-to-end software engineering, though both are closing fast.</p><p><strong>But.</strong></p><p>These are single-step benchmarks with mostly standardized test questions. The story turns when you tweak the benchmarks slightly. </p><h4>Tweak #1: Tell the Model &#8220;<em>I Believe</em>,&#8221; and It Starts Folding</h4><p>A benchmark tests a specific competence: <em><strong>can a model distinguish between what is known and what is merely believed?</strong></em> </p><p>GPT and DeepSeek both correctly handle third-person false beliefs at north of 95%. Now say the same thing in the first person. "<em>I believe X,</em>" even when X is a false statement, the GPT's correctness drops significantly (to 66.6% with o3-mini), while DeepSeek&#8217;s models plunge to under 30%. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N8r4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d6ab9bc-d8d6-4c26-99a3-cd57bdd9f203_1065x860.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N8r4!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d6ab9bc-d8d6-4c26-99a3-cd57bdd9f203_1065x860.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N8r4!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d6ab9bc-d8d6-4c26-99a3-cd57bdd9f203_1065x860.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N8r4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d6ab9bc-d8d6-4c26-99a3-cd57bdd9f203_1065x860.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N8r4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d6ab9bc-d8d6-4c26-99a3-cd57bdd9f203_1065x860.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N8r4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d6ab9bc-d8d6-4c26-99a3-cd57bdd9f203_1065x860.png" width="1065" height="860" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6d6ab9bc-d8d6-4c26-99a3-cd57bdd9f203_1065x860.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:860,&quot;width&quot;:1065,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:521816,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/i/195041237?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d6ab9bc-d8d6-4c26-99a3-cd57bdd9f203_1065x860.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N8r4!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d6ab9bc-d8d6-4c26-99a3-cd57bdd9f203_1065x860.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N8r4!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d6ab9bc-d8d6-4c26-99a3-cd57bdd9f203_1065x860.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N8r4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d6ab9bc-d8d6-4c26-99a3-cd57bdd9f203_1065x860.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N8r4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d6ab9bc-d8d6-4c26-99a3-cd57bdd9f203_1065x860.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Figure 3.2.8</figcaption></figure></div><h4>Tweak #2: Analog Clocks Are Still Hard for AI</h4><p>Many models still struggle with something you&#8217;d find routine: telling the time. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!usmA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0e53a99-c078-4296-9b72-9814d3b5c2d2_565x386.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!usmA!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0e53a99-c078-4296-9b72-9814d3b5c2d2_565x386.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!usmA!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0e53a99-c078-4296-9b72-9814d3b5c2d2_565x386.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!usmA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0e53a99-c078-4296-9b72-9814d3b5c2d2_565x386.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!usmA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0e53a99-c078-4296-9b72-9814d3b5c2d2_565x386.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!usmA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0e53a99-c078-4296-9b72-9814d3b5c2d2_565x386.png" width="565" height="386" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c0e53a99-c078-4296-9b72-9814d3b5c2d2_565x386.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:386,&quot;width&quot;:565,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:107387,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/i/195041237?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0e53a99-c078-4296-9b72-9814d3b5c2d2_565x386.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!usmA!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0e53a99-c078-4296-9b72-9814d3b5c2d2_565x386.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!usmA!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0e53a99-c078-4296-9b72-9814d3b5c2d2_565x386.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!usmA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0e53a99-c078-4296-9b72-9814d3b5c2d2_565x386.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!usmA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0e53a99-c078-4296-9b72-9814d3b5c2d2_565x386.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">clockbench.ai</figcaption></figure></div><p>This&nbsp;<a href="https://clockbench.ai./">benchmark</a>&nbsp;(the website also lets you take the test as a human; give it a go) shows our PhD-level AI struggles to read analog clocks, something you&#8217;d learn in kindergarten. </p><p>Reading a clock sounds simple, but it actually requires two separate steps: seeing <em>where the hands are</em>, then <em>translating that into a time</em>. So there is the risk that an error in one step will cascade into the next, and exactly why the AI gets it wrong. </p><p>Even the top models only get this right about as often as a coin toss.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AOYq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f595425-fd51-4f2a-b3f4-3f6d9858594e_1035x539.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AOYq!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f595425-fd51-4f2a-b3f4-3f6d9858594e_1035x539.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AOYq!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f595425-fd51-4f2a-b3f4-3f6d9858594e_1035x539.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AOYq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f595425-fd51-4f2a-b3f4-3f6d9858594e_1035x539.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AOYq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f595425-fd51-4f2a-b3f4-3f6d9858594e_1035x539.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AOYq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f595425-fd51-4f2a-b3f4-3f6d9858594e_1035x539.png" width="1035" height="539" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8f595425-fd51-4f2a-b3f4-3f6d9858594e_1035x539.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:539,&quot;width&quot;:1035,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:72685,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/i/195041237?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f595425-fd51-4f2a-b3f4-3f6d9858594e_1035x539.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AOYq!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f595425-fd51-4f2a-b3f4-3f6d9858594e_1035x539.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AOYq!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f595425-fd51-4f2a-b3f4-3f6d9858594e_1035x539.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AOYq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f595425-fd51-4f2a-b3f4-3f6d9858594e_1035x539.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AOYq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f595425-fd51-4f2a-b3f4-3f6d9858594e_1035x539.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h4>Tweak #3: AI Makes a Mess of Your Money</h4><p>Tax questions feel like they should be well within AI&#8217;s comfort zone. There are rigid rules, numbers, and a right answer.</p><p>A benchmark called <a href="https://www.vals.ai/benchmarks/tax_eval_v2">TaxEval</a> was built with tax and finance professionals. Over 1,500 questions, something you&#8217;d test a tax associate during an interview. </p><p>Here&#8217;s an example task: Michael, a married taxpayer filing jointly, has an adjusted gross income of $300,000 for 2023, excluding any investment income&#8230; Calculate Michael&#8217;s tax liability related to his investment income&#8230; and considering the Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT). </p><p>The correct answer is that Michael owes $18,280 in taxes. </p><p>The best models were right about three-quarters of the time. </p><p>So if you ever ask AI to launder your money, it&#8217;ll probably just make it dirtier.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lyo_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97ad233e-4a4b-4240-b9b0-5fa9e6a4b4b0_1315x814.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lyo_!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97ad233e-4a4b-4240-b9b0-5fa9e6a4b4b0_1315x814.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lyo_!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97ad233e-4a4b-4240-b9b0-5fa9e6a4b4b0_1315x814.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lyo_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97ad233e-4a4b-4240-b9b0-5fa9e6a4b4b0_1315x814.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lyo_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97ad233e-4a4b-4240-b9b0-5fa9e6a4b4b0_1315x814.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lyo_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97ad233e-4a4b-4240-b9b0-5fa9e6a4b4b0_1315x814.png" width="1315" height="814" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/97ad233e-4a4b-4240-b9b0-5fa9e6a4b4b0_1315x814.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:814,&quot;width&quot;:1315,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:235238,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/i/195041237?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e838289-b6cd-48cd-97f8-ee6e78b98daa_1315x814.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lyo_!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97ad233e-4a4b-4240-b9b0-5fa9e6a4b4b0_1315x814.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lyo_!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97ad233e-4a4b-4240-b9b0-5fa9e6a4b4b0_1315x814.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lyo_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97ad233e-4a4b-4240-b9b0-5fa9e6a4b4b0_1315x814.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lyo_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97ad233e-4a4b-4240-b9b0-5fa9e6a4b4b0_1315x814.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">TaxEval: https://www.vals.ai/benchmarks/tax_eval_v2</figcaption></figure></div><h4>Tweak #4: AI Still Can&#8217;t Do the Dishes w/o Breaking Something</h4><p>To run a household task, a robot has to do several things at once. </p><p>It has to see the room properly, to understand the physics (eg, a full cup is heavier than an empty one, a tomato needs less grip than a tennis ball), and the ability to plan a long sequence of steps where each one depends on the last, not to mention the ability to notice when a step goes wrong and to adjust. </p><p>For you who&#8217;ve dreamed of relying on a robot for your future care home days, the good news is that robots now succeed about 89% of the time. But the bad news is that&#8217;s the data in simulation (software environments where a virtual robot picks up a virtual cup).</p><p>In actual homes, robots fail nearly 9 out of 10 times (12.4% success rate from the most advanced model). </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L-Cb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F630d6912-73b7-4b8a-8416-909b2165782e_1091x530.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L-Cb!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F630d6912-73b7-4b8a-8416-909b2165782e_1091x530.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L-Cb!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F630d6912-73b7-4b8a-8416-909b2165782e_1091x530.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L-Cb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F630d6912-73b7-4b8a-8416-909b2165782e_1091x530.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L-Cb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F630d6912-73b7-4b8a-8416-909b2165782e_1091x530.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L-Cb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F630d6912-73b7-4b8a-8416-909b2165782e_1091x530.png" width="1091" height="530" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/630d6912-73b7-4b8a-8416-909b2165782e_1091x530.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:530,&quot;width&quot;:1091,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:54881,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/i/195041237?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F630d6912-73b7-4b8a-8416-909b2165782e_1091x530.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L-Cb!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F630d6912-73b7-4b8a-8416-909b2165782e_1091x530.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L-Cb!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F630d6912-73b7-4b8a-8416-909b2165782e_1091x530.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L-Cb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F630d6912-73b7-4b8a-8416-909b2165782e_1091x530.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L-Cb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F630d6912-73b7-4b8a-8416-909b2165782e_1091x530.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Figure 2.7.2</figcaption></figure></div><p>Just an FYI, the biggest constraint in improving robots&#8217; ability in the real world is <em><strong>data</strong></em>. Language models train on billions of pages of text from the internet, whereas every piece of robot training data requires either a physical robot performing a task or a high-fidelity simulation, both of which are slow and expensive. </p><p>Once you realize how scarce robot training data is, the viral video from an Indian factory makes more sense, where workers were asked to wear head-mounted cameras to record how they do the job.</p><div class="twitter-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://x.com/MarioNawfal/status/2043530111795056924&quot;,&quot;full_text&quot;:&quot;&#127470;&#127475; Factory workers in India are wearing head-mounted cameras so AI can watch exactly how humans do physical work. Every hand movement, every adjustment, every shortcut.\n\nThe workers are training their own replacements in real time, on the job, getting paid to do it.\n\nThe most &quot;,&quot;username&quot;:&quot;MarioNawfal&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Mario Nawfal&quot;,&quot;profile_image_url&quot;:&quot;https://pbs.substack.com/profile_images/1938244629071015936/UwtzYY-R_normal.jpg&quot;,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;2026-04-13T03:22:00.000Z&quot;,&quot;photos&quot;:[{&quot;img_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/upload/w_1028,c_limit,q_auto:best/l_twitter_play_button_rvaygk,w_88/fveksd6asjbwlpmqppwq&quot;,&quot;link_url&quot;:&quot;https://t.co/EB9dKnfd3F&quot;}],&quot;quoted_tweet&quot;:{},&quot;reply_count&quot;:525,&quot;retweet_count&quot;:2846,&quot;like_count&quot;:8336,&quot;impression_count&quot;:1532395,&quot;expanded_url&quot;:null,&quot;video_url&quot;:&quot;https://video.twimg.com/amplify_video/2043528801435652097/vid/avc1/720x900/AmiSrJ6ckwrJ-s_X.mp4&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true}" data-component-name="Twitter2ToDOM"></div><p>Which brings us to the next question the summary gets wrong: if the capability is this brittle, is there actually any productivity showing up anywhere?</p><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/i-read-all-414-pages-of-stanfords?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Know someone who needs a reality check about AI? Be a friend. Share this.</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/i-read-all-414-pages-of-stanfords?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/i-read-all-414-pages-of-stanfords?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><p></p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>Productivity: Strong in Studies, Weak in the Real Economy</strong></h2><p>Over the past two years, researchers and companies have been trying to find out what AI has actually achieved.</p><h4>Level 1: Task and individual level</h4><p>5 out of 7 task-based studies showed encouraging changes. </p><p>For instance, one study gave 5,000 customer support agents AI reply suggestions while they handled customer issues. They resolved 14% more tickets per hour, with the biggest gains &#8212; 34% &#8212; going to newer agents. Or another study found that 5,000 developers across Microsoft and Accenture completed 26% more pull requests per week (<a href="https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/why-your-20-something-colleague-is">I reviewed this paper in 2025</a>; it comes with many caveats).</p><p>If you stop at the task level, the results look pretty good.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XzmQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe05be345-4680-477c-aeac-8f2ff7ad7321_1156x732.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XzmQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe05be345-4680-477c-aeac-8f2ff7ad7321_1156x732.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XzmQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe05be345-4680-477c-aeac-8f2ff7ad7321_1156x732.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XzmQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe05be345-4680-477c-aeac-8f2ff7ad7321_1156x732.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XzmQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe05be345-4680-477c-aeac-8f2ff7ad7321_1156x732.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XzmQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe05be345-4680-477c-aeac-8f2ff7ad7321_1156x732.png" width="1156" height="732" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e05be345-4680-477c-aeac-8f2ff7ad7321_1156x732.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:732,&quot;width&quot;:1156,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:238409,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/i/195041237?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe05be345-4680-477c-aeac-8f2ff7ad7321_1156x732.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XzmQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe05be345-4680-477c-aeac-8f2ff7ad7321_1156x732.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XzmQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe05be345-4680-477c-aeac-8f2ff7ad7321_1156x732.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XzmQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe05be345-4680-477c-aeac-8f2ff7ad7321_1156x732.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XzmQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe05be345-4680-477c-aeac-8f2ff7ad7321_1156x732.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Now the question is: did any of these turn into real money?</p><h4>Level 2: Companies and executive levels</h4><p>A<a href="https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w34836/w34836.pdf"> survey</a> (cited by Stanford) of nearly 6,000 CEOs and CFOs across the US, UK, Germany, and Australia asked the question: <em><strong>Has AI changed anything at your company over the past three years?</strong></em> </p><p>Almost 9 in 10 said AI had not moved productivity at all. Across the full sample, the average gain was 0.29%.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!W0ka!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89ed1170-8708-4fa1-a609-4af4d2beb7b8_726x357.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!W0ka!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89ed1170-8708-4fa1-a609-4af4d2beb7b8_726x357.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!W0ka!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89ed1170-8708-4fa1-a609-4af4d2beb7b8_726x357.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!W0ka!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89ed1170-8708-4fa1-a609-4af4d2beb7b8_726x357.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!W0ka!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89ed1170-8708-4fa1-a609-4af4d2beb7b8_726x357.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!W0ka!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89ed1170-8708-4fa1-a609-4af4d2beb7b8_726x357.png" width="726" height="357" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/89ed1170-8708-4fa1-a609-4af4d2beb7b8_726x357.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:357,&quot;width&quot;:726,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:57730,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/i/195041237?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2299e972-4f70-4e62-a15d-e07540ee0faa_726x357.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!W0ka!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89ed1170-8708-4fa1-a609-4af4d2beb7b8_726x357.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!W0ka!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89ed1170-8708-4fa1-a609-4af4d2beb7b8_726x357.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!W0ka!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89ed1170-8708-4fa1-a609-4af4d2beb7b8_726x357.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!W0ka!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89ed1170-8708-4fa1-a609-4af4d2beb7b8_726x357.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Figure 8 in https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w34836/w34836.pdf</figcaption></figure></div><p><a href="https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/how-ai-affecting-productivity-and-jobs-europe">Another study</a> looked at 12,000 European firms. </p><p>They&#8217;ve found AI adoption raised output per worker by 4% on average.</p><p>But the number came with conditions. It concentrated almost entirely in medium and large firms. And <em><strong>the boost only showed up when firms also invest in training alongside the AI</strong></em>. Without that, <em>the effect mostly disappears</em>. </p><p>So the gains seem to depend less on the tool itself than on what firms do around it.</p><p>Now, let&#8217;s zoom out to the country level. </p><h4>Level 3: Do we see a higher GDP via AI? </h4><p>US private AI investment reached $285 billion in 2025.</p><p>That same year, US productivity grew 2.7%, nearly double the average of the previous decade, it sounds like an AI win. Then <a href="https://budgetmodel.wharton.upenn.edu/p/2025-09-08-the-projected-impact-of-generative-ai-on-future-productivity-growth/">Penn Wharton</a> tried to work out how much of that 2.7% was actually AI. Their answer: 0.01 percentage points, in their own words:</p><blockquote><p><em>as most businesses have yet to deploy and gain experience with AI tools.</em></p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IY4y!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a3961ff-87b0-49ac-b7ca-3dba5620c8d1_734x454.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IY4y!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a3961ff-87b0-49ac-b7ca-3dba5620c8d1_734x454.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IY4y!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a3961ff-87b0-49ac-b7ca-3dba5620c8d1_734x454.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IY4y!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a3961ff-87b0-49ac-b7ca-3dba5620c8d1_734x454.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IY4y!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a3961ff-87b0-49ac-b7ca-3dba5620c8d1_734x454.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IY4y!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a3961ff-87b0-49ac-b7ca-3dba5620c8d1_734x454.png" width="734" height="454" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4a3961ff-87b0-49ac-b7ca-3dba5620c8d1_734x454.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:454,&quot;width&quot;:734,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:37948,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/i/195041237?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a3961ff-87b0-49ac-b7ca-3dba5620c8d1_734x454.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IY4y!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a3961ff-87b0-49ac-b7ca-3dba5620c8d1_734x454.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IY4y!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a3961ff-87b0-49ac-b7ca-3dba5620c8d1_734x454.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IY4y!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a3961ff-87b0-49ac-b7ca-3dba5620c8d1_734x454.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IY4y!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4a3961ff-87b0-49ac-b7ca-3dba5620c8d1_734x454.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>At this point, an economist is almost obliged to object.</p><p>One thinks we&#8217;re in the early dip of a J-curve (i.e., the aggressive uptick in benefits from AI). In firms, they are still paying the setup costs of AI (buying it, integrating it, retraining people), and the real gains show up later. Just as electricity took 30 years to show up in the numbers, PCs took about 20. </p><p>Here are some other theories on AI&#8217;s impact on the economy from the last few years. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kNLR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe5fc846-ce9e-4c42-99bc-be398585b049_1377x1042.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kNLR!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe5fc846-ce9e-4c42-99bc-be398585b049_1377x1042.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kNLR!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe5fc846-ce9e-4c42-99bc-be398585b049_1377x1042.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kNLR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe5fc846-ce9e-4c42-99bc-be398585b049_1377x1042.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kNLR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe5fc846-ce9e-4c42-99bc-be398585b049_1377x1042.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kNLR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe5fc846-ce9e-4c42-99bc-be398585b049_1377x1042.png" width="1377" height="1042" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fe5fc846-ce9e-4c42-99bc-be398585b049_1377x1042.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1042,&quot;width&quot;:1377,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:357063,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/i/195041237?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe5fc846-ce9e-4c42-99bc-be398585b049_1377x1042.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kNLR!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe5fc846-ce9e-4c42-99bc-be398585b049_1377x1042.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kNLR!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe5fc846-ce9e-4c42-99bc-be398585b049_1377x1042.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kNLR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe5fc846-ce9e-4c42-99bc-be398585b049_1377x1042.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kNLR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe5fc846-ce9e-4c42-99bc-be398585b049_1377x1042.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>He could be right. </p><p>But right now, no one can confidently contribute any of the productivity growth to AI.</p><p>So, </p><ul><li><p>at the task-level, productivity gains are real (still arguable); </p></li><li><p>firm-level, 89% of executives say nothing has changed; </p></li><li><p>economy level, neither Penn Wharton nor Goldman can yet find much AI in the numbers.</p></li></ul><p>The gap between what AI does for an individual in a study and what it does for the economy is, right now, enormous.</p><p>So yes, you might have seen a developer with Copilot write a pull request faster, or a founder vibe coded all his products. But none of these translates to the return on all the resources poured into AI. </p><p>Which makes the next number in the report even harder to explain: a 20% collapse in junior hiring that everyone has already decided is AI's fault.</p><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/i-read-all-414-pages-of-stanfords?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Don&#8217;t hoard knowledge. <em><strong>It isn&#8217;t good for your karma.</strong></em></p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/i-read-all-414-pages-of-stanfords?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/i-read-all-414-pages-of-stanfords?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><p></p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>Job Market: AI Still Gets Blamed for Junior Hiring?</strong></h2><p>It all started with a paper called &#8220;<a href="https://digitaleconomy.stanford.edu/app/uploads/2025/12/CanariesintheCoalMine_Nov25.pdf">Canaries in the Coal Mine?</a>&#8221; by students in the Stanford Digital Economy Lab. </p><p>The thesis is based on the 2025 US payroll data. </p><p>They focused on two jobs widely seen as exposed to AI &#8212; software developers and customer service agents &#8212; and tracked headcount by age group from 2021 to 2025.</p><p>For a while, all the age groups track each other. Then the youngest cohort breaks lower. By 2025, it is down nearly 20% from its high.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L2Zt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25b756bd-7ac2-4875-986c-0d2346344a1e_907x446.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L2Zt!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25b756bd-7ac2-4875-986c-0d2346344a1e_907x446.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L2Zt!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25b756bd-7ac2-4875-986c-0d2346344a1e_907x446.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L2Zt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25b756bd-7ac2-4875-986c-0d2346344a1e_907x446.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L2Zt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25b756bd-7ac2-4875-986c-0d2346344a1e_907x446.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L2Zt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25b756bd-7ac2-4875-986c-0d2346344a1e_907x446.png" width="907" height="446" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/25b756bd-7ac2-4875-986c-0d2346344a1e_907x446.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:446,&quot;width&quot;:907,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:139629,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/i/195041237?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25b756bd-7ac2-4875-986c-0d2346344a1e_907x446.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L2Zt!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25b756bd-7ac2-4875-986c-0d2346344a1e_907x446.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L2Zt!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25b756bd-7ac2-4875-986c-0d2346344a1e_907x446.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L2Zt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25b756bd-7ac2-4875-986c-0d2346344a1e_907x446.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L2Zt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25b756bd-7ac2-4875-986c-0d2346344a1e_907x446.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Figure 4.4.29</figcaption></figure></div><p>They then expanded the analysis to more occupations and grouped them by AI exposure. The headline result was a 16% relative decline in employment for the youngest in the most exposed jobs. And that&#8217;s the figure you now see everywhere.</p><p>And this is where the neat AI-took-the-juniors story begins to fall apart.</p><p>Start with the author walking back some of their claims. </p><p>In February 2026, they published a follow-up note called &#8220;<em><a href="https://digitaleconomy.stanford.edu/news/canaries-interest-rates-and-timinga-more-on-recent-drivers-of-employment-changes-for-young-workers/">Canaries, Interest Rates and Timing.</a></em>&#8221; Their own finding: once you apply the broadest controls, the employment decline only becomes statistically significant <strong>in 2024</strong>. The earlier drops are &#8220;<em><strong>likely due to a combination of factors</strong></em>.&#8221; </p><p>In plain terms, the lead author admits this is actually <em><strong>not</strong></em> a clean AI story.</p><p>Then, a team at <a href="https://eig.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/TAWP-Iscenko-Millet.pdf">Google and the Economic Innovation Group ran the same exercise</a> on more than 200 million job postings, and they found the postings for AI-exposed roles peaked in Spring 2022, six months <em>before</em> ChatGPT shipped. But precisely when the Fed started its sharpest rate-hike cycle in forty years. </p><p>The Google team found no junior-specific collapse. Junior and senior postings fell together. In their data, the &#8220;AI came for the juniors&#8221; story simply does not show up.</p><p>I made a similar argument in an <a href="https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/are-junior-level-jobs-really-killed">earlier piece</a> by looking at the longer historical pattern in hiring and interest rates, which was later <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/hessiejones/2025/11/24/ai-is-not-killing-entry-level-jobs/">cited in Forbes</a>. </p><p>The junior-jobs AI horror story doesn&#8217;t hold up.</p><p>If you don&#8217;t think this evidence is enough, here&#8217;s one from the <a href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/ai-adoption-and-firms-job-posting-behavior-20260327.html">Federal Reserve directly</a>. </p><p>They matched census survey data with 7 million observations of firms&#8217; hiring behavior over time, examining effects at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. If AI adoption were already causing firms to pull back on hiring, this is where you would expect to see it. </p><p>They found no such effect. In their words:</p><blockquote><p>We find that thus far, there is no evidence of a reduction in job postings for industries or firms which have higher levels of AI adoption.</p></blockquote><p>So what are we left with? </p><p>The 20% drop in that chart is real. </p><p>Young software developers and customer service agents are being hired less, or fired more, or both. But the downturn begins before AI can credibly be blamed for it.</p><p>So the junior&#8217;s story is a distraction. </p><p>Here&#8217;s what the report doesn&#8217;t flag as clearly: three places where the US AI position is actually fragile &#8212; talent pipeline, the cost of staying ahead, and Taiwan.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Free stuff is great. But quality analysis requires sanity. Sanity requires groceries&#8230;</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>Geopolitics: Talent, Capital, and Taiwan</strong></h2><h4>Crack #1: How the US chokes its own AI talent supply.</h4><p>Two-thirds of the people being trained to build AI in the US are not Americans.</p><p>It is based on the 2024 enrollment data. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yFvK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf6561fb-c86d-4cc6-9f3d-9aa0b242c221_2070x996.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yFvK!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf6561fb-c86d-4cc6-9f3d-9aa0b242c221_2070x996.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yFvK!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf6561fb-c86d-4cc6-9f3d-9aa0b242c221_2070x996.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yFvK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf6561fb-c86d-4cc6-9f3d-9aa0b242c221_2070x996.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yFvK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf6561fb-c86d-4cc6-9f3d-9aa0b242c221_2070x996.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yFvK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf6561fb-c86d-4cc6-9f3d-9aa0b242c221_2070x996.png" width="1456" height="701" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/df6561fb-c86d-4cc6-9f3d-9aa0b242c221_2070x996.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:701,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:232977,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/i/195041237?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf6561fb-c86d-4cc6-9f3d-9aa0b242c221_2070x996.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yFvK!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf6561fb-c86d-4cc6-9f3d-9aa0b242c221_2070x996.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yFvK!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf6561fb-c86d-4cc6-9f3d-9aa0b242c221_2070x996.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yFvK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf6561fb-c86d-4cc6-9f3d-9aa0b242c221_2070x996.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yFvK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf6561fb-c86d-4cc6-9f3d-9aa0b242c221_2070x996.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Figure 7.2.5</figcaption></figure></div><p>Among US graduates of AI software-related master&#8217;s programs, <em><strong>2/3 are non-residents</strong></em>. </p><p>Stanford notes this is consistent with prior years and adds, unusually direct for a data report, that </p><blockquote><p><em>The majority of AI-related graduate students are non&#8211;United States residents, a pattern consistent with previous years&#8217; &#8230; due to the federal government revoking student visas and discouraging international student enrollment, further declines in the number of nonresident graduates are expected in the coming years.</em></p></blockquote><p>Yes, as the report states, the US says it wants AI leadership while undermining the pipeline that supplies it.</p><p>One of <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/removing-barriers-to-american-leadership-in-artificial-intelligence/">Trump&#8217;s 2025 AI order</a>s talks about &#8220;<em>American leadership,</em>&#8221; but says nothing about immigration or student visas, and it revoked Biden&#8217;s earlier order to streamline visas for AI researchers. By early 2026, the administration had revoked more than 100,000 non-immigrant visas, including about 8,000 student visas.</p><p>So, if two-thirds of your AI graduate pipeline runs through people on visas that you&#8217;re now canceling, either you have a plan to replace them, or the pipeline shrinks. </p><h4>Crack #2: The cost of staying ahead.</h4><p>On private AI investment, the US outspent China 23 to 1 in 2025 ($285.88B vs. $12.41B). On its own, that number looks decisive; however, if you put it next to the benchmark gap, it starts to look expensive.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VGnE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb37a2d5-ef3d-4e84-8240-64738b2e16c6_1822x936.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VGnE!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb37a2d5-ef3d-4e84-8240-64738b2e16c6_1822x936.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VGnE!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb37a2d5-ef3d-4e84-8240-64738b2e16c6_1822x936.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VGnE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb37a2d5-ef3d-4e84-8240-64738b2e16c6_1822x936.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VGnE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb37a2d5-ef3d-4e84-8240-64738b2e16c6_1822x936.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VGnE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb37a2d5-ef3d-4e84-8240-64738b2e16c6_1822x936.png" width="1456" height="748" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VGnE!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb37a2d5-ef3d-4e84-8240-64738b2e16c6_1822x936.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VGnE!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb37a2d5-ef3d-4e84-8240-64738b2e16c6_1822x936.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VGnE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb37a2d5-ef3d-4e84-8240-64738b2e16c6_1822x936.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VGnE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb37a2d5-ef3d-4e84-8240-64738b2e16c6_1822x936.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Figure 4.2.8</figcaption></figure></div><p>Here&#8217;s the first flip: when you pair the private spending with the benchmark comparing the top US model vs. the top Chinese model. The private investment number tells you how inefficient the US dollars actually are. Because the performance of top models is close, there is now as little as 2.7% difference between them. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7S70!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F379a1a98-24c4-490d-a668-c6e6030a6945_1836x970.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7S70!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F379a1a98-24c4-490d-a668-c6e6030a6945_1836x970.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7S70!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F379a1a98-24c4-490d-a668-c6e6030a6945_1836x970.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7S70!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F379a1a98-24c4-490d-a668-c6e6030a6945_1836x970.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7S70!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F379a1a98-24c4-490d-a668-c6e6030a6945_1836x970.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7S70!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F379a1a98-24c4-490d-a668-c6e6030a6945_1836x970.png" width="1456" height="769" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/379a1a98-24c4-490d-a668-c6e6030a6945_1836x970.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:769,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:248243,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/i/195041237?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F379a1a98-24c4-490d-a668-c6e6030a6945_1836x970.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7S70!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F379a1a98-24c4-490d-a668-c6e6030a6945_1836x970.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7S70!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F379a1a98-24c4-490d-a668-c6e6030a6945_1836x970.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7S70!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F379a1a98-24c4-490d-a668-c6e6030a6945_1836x970.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7S70!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F379a1a98-24c4-490d-a668-c6e6030a6945_1836x970.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>So until now, you've spent 23x as much money to get 2.7% better in AI.</p><p>Here&#8217;s the second flip, though, something the report didn&#8217;t specify. </p><p>The $285 billion and the $12 billion count private deals, but it misses the fact that, as you&#8217;d guess, China has invested much more state money in AI. </p><p>So around the same period of time</p><ul><li><p>China put in a $138 billion national state VC fund, with AI and cutting-edge tech as named priorities.</p></li><li><p>US committed $5.86 billion total. Keep in mind that this doesn&#8217;t include the $500B the Stargate project.</p></li></ul><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zClO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90fc757b-3cc1-4cb3-ab9e-18191c1fb36b_1038x549.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zClO!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90fc757b-3cc1-4cb3-ab9e-18191c1fb36b_1038x549.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zClO!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90fc757b-3cc1-4cb3-ab9e-18191c1fb36b_1038x549.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zClO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90fc757b-3cc1-4cb3-ab9e-18191c1fb36b_1038x549.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zClO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90fc757b-3cc1-4cb3-ab9e-18191c1fb36b_1038x549.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zClO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90fc757b-3cc1-4cb3-ab9e-18191c1fb36b_1038x549.png" width="1038" height="549" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/90fc757b-3cc1-4cb3-ab9e-18191c1fb36b_1038x549.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:549,&quot;width&quot;:1038,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:63348,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/i/195041237?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90fc757b-3cc1-4cb3-ab9e-18191c1fb36b_1038x549.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zClO!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90fc757b-3cc1-4cb3-ab9e-18191c1fb36b_1038x549.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zClO!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90fc757b-3cc1-4cb3-ab9e-18191c1fb36b_1038x549.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zClO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90fc757b-3cc1-4cb3-ab9e-18191c1fb36b_1038x549.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zClO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90fc757b-3cc1-4cb3-ab9e-18191c1fb36b_1038x549.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Put the state and private numbers together, and the picture changes:</p><ul><li><p>China 2025: $12.41B private + $138B state ~ <strong>$150B</strong></p></li><li><p>US 2025: $285.88B private + $5.86B public ~ <strong>$292B</strong></p></li></ul><p>However you count it, China closed the model gap within two years with less money and limited access to Nvidia&#8217;s best AI chips.</p><p>But the deepest vulnerability is neither talent nor money. <em><strong>It is geography</strong></em>.</p><h4>Crack #3: <strong>The island, the single point of failure.</strong></h4><p>Stanford&#8217;s own phrase for TSMC, the Taiwanese foundry that fabricates almost every leading AI chip: &#8220;<em>a single point of dependency in the global AI supply chain</em>&#8221;. That includes Nvidia&#8217;s Blackwell GPUs and AMD&#8217;s MI300X, the most advanced AI chips. NVIDIA also put it in their&nbsp;<strong><a href="https://fortune.com/company-assets/1936/quartr/annual-report-10-k-4ccfc-2026-02-25-09-13-43.pdf">10-K</a>,</strong>&nbsp;stating, &#8220;<em>our business depends on our ability to receive consistent and reliable supply from our overseas partners, especially in Taiwan</em>&#8220;.</p><p>Now, it&#8217;s already dangerous to have only one supplier for your key ingredient. </p><p>But hey, why let the drama stop there? </p><p>To add a cherry on top, Taiwan is geographically and historically close to China, and Beijing still claims the island as its own territory. Military drills around Taiwan have escalated every year since 2022 (actually, they have always been there, even before I was born; air defense drills were always part of our school lessons). <em><strong>If</strong></em> those drills ever become a blockade, <em><strong>TSMC stops fabricating for anyone else but China.</strong></em> </p><p>Yes, TSMC Arizona Fab 1 has now reached 4nm production. But it&#8217;d only be impressive if you were in 2020, but no, we are in 2026, aren&#8217;t we? Especially when TSMC announced its <em><strong>2nm</strong></em> process began volume production in Taiwan in late 2025.</p><p>US chipmaking <em>is</em> improving, but the frontier <em><strong>is still moving faster in Taiwan</strong></em>.</p><p>A multi-trillion-dollar AI industry runs through one company on one island.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/i-read-all-414-pages-of-stanfords/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/i-read-all-414-pages-of-stanfords/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>Forget the Experts. What Do Your Neighbors Think of AI?</strong></h2><p>This index also reports a 50% gap between what AI experts and ordinary people believe about the future of work. </p><p>Rewind. </p><p>There is one full chapter in the Stanford report dedicated to comparing &#8220;<em>experts</em>&#8217;&#8221; opinions and the general public&#8217;s beliefs about AI.  </p><p>Before we get to that data, here&#8217;s the one-paragraph rant from me. </p><p><strong><a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2025/04/03/us-public-and-ai-experts-methodology/">Pew Research</a></strong>, whose survey Stanford relies on, defined an <em>AI expert</em> as anyone who authored or presented at one of 21 AI-related conferences. 7 of those 21 are commercial trade shows and vendor events. The business model of those events is sponsorships and ticket sales to enterprises buying AI. </p><p>But they printed the headline anyway.</p><p>So when the report tells you &#8220;<em>experts</em>&#8221; are 50 points more optimistic than the public about AI and jobs, <em><strong>remember that some of those experts are AI salesmen</strong></em>. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!49UP!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd031592a-20c1-473f-be77-9a56ba70618b_1026x544.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!49UP!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd031592a-20c1-473f-be77-9a56ba70618b_1026x544.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!49UP!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd031592a-20c1-473f-be77-9a56ba70618b_1026x544.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!49UP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd031592a-20c1-473f-be77-9a56ba70618b_1026x544.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!49UP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd031592a-20c1-473f-be77-9a56ba70618b_1026x544.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!49UP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd031592a-20c1-473f-be77-9a56ba70618b_1026x544.png" width="1026" height="544" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d031592a-20c1-473f-be77-9a56ba70618b_1026x544.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:544,&quot;width&quot;:1026,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:74541,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/i/195041237?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd031592a-20c1-473f-be77-9a56ba70618b_1026x544.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!49UP!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd031592a-20c1-473f-be77-9a56ba70618b_1026x544.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!49UP!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd031592a-20c1-473f-be77-9a56ba70618b_1026x544.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!49UP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd031592a-20c1-473f-be77-9a56ba70618b_1026x544.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!49UP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd031592a-20c1-473f-be77-9a56ba70618b_1026x544.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Okay. On with the data.</p><p>Strip out the experts, here&#8217;s what people actually think AI will do to/for them.</p><ul><li><p>They think it will take their jobs. By a ratio of roughly thirteen to one, they expect fewer jobs in the next twenty years, not more. </p></li><li><p>Also, the majority don&#8217;t think it&#8217;ll help the economy, nor will it make them better at their work. </p></li><li><p>On top of these, it&#8217;s also actively bad for relationships.</p></li></ul><p>So far, so predictable that most &#8220;<em>experts</em>&#8221; in Stanford&#8217;s chart disagree on nearly all fronts, but think AI would bring a bigger economy, better jobs, you know the drill.</p><p>Only one chart where the <em>experts</em> stop disagreeing. </p><p>It&#8217;s the one asking what AI does to human minds, which includes mental well-being, social, and your very ability to think analytically. Across the board, a majority expect things to get worse by 2035.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qJTS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10225373-f904-4ecf-b23d-36a410231fb5_1001x628.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qJTS!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10225373-f904-4ecf-b23d-36a410231fb5_1001x628.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qJTS!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10225373-f904-4ecf-b23d-36a410231fb5_1001x628.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qJTS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10225373-f904-4ecf-b23d-36a410231fb5_1001x628.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qJTS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10225373-f904-4ecf-b23d-36a410231fb5_1001x628.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qJTS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10225373-f904-4ecf-b23d-36a410231fb5_1001x628.png" width="1001" height="628" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/10225373-f904-4ecf-b23d-36a410231fb5_1001x628.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:628,&quot;width&quot;:1001,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:107327,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/i/195041237?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10225373-f904-4ecf-b23d-36a410231fb5_1001x628.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qJTS!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10225373-f904-4ecf-b23d-36a410231fb5_1001x628.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qJTS!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10225373-f904-4ecf-b23d-36a410231fb5_1001x628.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qJTS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10225373-f904-4ecf-b23d-36a410231fb5_1001x628.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qJTS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10225373-f904-4ecf-b23d-36a410231fb5_1001x628.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Not as loudly, but in the same direction that half of them also expect social intelligence to decline. This makes it the one point on which the AI industry and the general public finally agree, <em><strong>whether the technology being built is bad for the humans using it</strong></em>.</p><p>That&#8217;s the finding the summary didn&#8217;t print.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption"><em>Like this? Forward it to someone who still thinks AI will replace them by Friday.</em></p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p><div><hr></div><p>Stanford&#8217;s Index is valuable for it&#8217;s throughness &#8212; it rounds up a year of AI research into one place. But. It&#8217;s still a collection of other people&#8217;s studies, not the studies themselves. </p><p>So when most people cite this Index, they&#8217;re citing a summary of a summary. Remember? In a telephone game, it&#8217;s inevitable that the information accuracy decreases. </p><p>And I&#8217;ve watched enough of those get quoted in meetings to sense how these are often horribly misused. </p><p>That&#8217;s the gap. Places where the gap matters: </p><ul><li><p>Benchmarks that collapse when you change a pronoun.</p></li><li><p>Productivity gains that are in no one&#8217;s quarterly report.</p></li><li><p>In a junior labor market story, the authors themselves are walking back.</p></li><li><p>A country that spent half the money, without the best chips, and closed the gap anyway.</p></li><li><p>And we are at 100 miles/hr speed to peak this technology, which users don&#8217;t think is good for them.</p></li></ul><p>None of this implies AI isn&#8217;t real, but simply, the true story about AI is quieter than the data behind it. </p><p>I couldn&#8217;t cover everything here. But if you skim nothing else, skim the charts: they&#8217;re far more revealing than the summary.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[There's Now an AI That Extracts You Before You Leave]]></title><description><![CDATA[A GitHub project called &#8220;Colleague.skill&#8220; hit 12k+ stars.]]></description><link>https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/distill-the-story-of-an-ex-colleague</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/distill-the-story-of-an-ex-colleague</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Jing Hu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 19 Apr 2026 06:33:37 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!stY7!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F824ecaef-31a4-45d3-b7d6-a6edab5618ca_1280x720.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Something called &#8220;<em><a href="https://github.com/titanwings/colleague-skill">Colleague.skill</a></em>&#8220; caught fire last week. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dgBV!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60fe49e8-1ec1-4e2a-858b-0025cad2271a_1517x800.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dgBV!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60fe49e8-1ec1-4e2a-858b-0025cad2271a_1517x800.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dgBV!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60fe49e8-1ec1-4e2a-858b-0025cad2271a_1517x800.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dgBV!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60fe49e8-1ec1-4e2a-858b-0025cad2271a_1517x800.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dgBV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60fe49e8-1ec1-4e2a-858b-0025cad2271a_1517x800.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dgBV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60fe49e8-1ec1-4e2a-858b-0025cad2271a_1517x800.png" width="1456" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/60fe49e8-1ec1-4e2a-858b-0025cad2271a_1517x800.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:218234,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/i/193797275?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60fe49e8-1ec1-4e2a-858b-0025cad2271a_1517x800.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dgBV!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60fe49e8-1ec1-4e2a-858b-0025cad2271a_1517x800.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dgBV!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60fe49e8-1ec1-4e2a-858b-0025cad2271a_1517x800.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dgBV!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60fe49e8-1ec1-4e2a-858b-0025cad2271a_1517x800.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dgBV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60fe49e8-1ec1-4e2a-858b-0025cad2271a_1517x800.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>This is an AI agent that&nbsp;<em><strong>gathers a departing colleague&#8217;s Slack, emails, and files, then generates an .md file you can directly feed to AI to do the colleague&#8217;s job as they would</strong></em>. </p><p>Then someone built an &#8220;<a href="https://github.com/leilei926524-tech/anti-distill">Anti-Distill Skill</a>&#8220; to fight back: An agent to prevent yourself from being <em><strong>skill-ified</strong></em>.</p>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[A Shoe Company Became an AI One; The Trap No CEO Can Escape]]></title><description><![CDATA[Two researchers found the math behind why no CEO can stop firing. It's proven again that the market rewards you for pretending.]]></description><link>https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/the-ai-layoff-dilemma-gpu-expires</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/the-ai-layoff-dilemma-gpu-expires</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Jing Hu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 17 Apr 2026 09:08:52 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kf8g!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34ec8f56-e08d-4c2b-bdfb-ef1aea62cbfa_1400x1000.avif" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2><strong>1. Stanford 2026 AI Index</strong></h2><p>400+ pages of data on where AI actually stands. </p><ul><li><p>Generative AI hit 53% population adoption, and organizational adoption reached 88% globally, which are two headline data points. </p></li><li><p>The US-China model performance gap has effectively closed. Anthropic&#8217;s top model leads <em>by just 2.7%</em>, despite the US outspending China <em><strong>23x on private AI i&#8230;</strong></em></p></li></ul>
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          <a href="https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/the-ai-layoff-dilemma-gpu-expires">
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[What Apple's AI Crackdown Got Right]]></title><description><![CDATA[Apple didn't create the problem. They just refused to take responsibility for it.]]></description><link>https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/what-apples-ai-crackdown-got-right</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/what-apples-ai-crackdown-got-right</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Jing Hu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 10 Apr 2026 13:24:42 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B3qW!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a135a07-47a0-425f-aca6-108b900f41ac_1200x700.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Apple just did something the AI world didn&#8217;t expect. They <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2026/03/31/column-apples-crackdown-on-ai-apps-puts-it-wrong-side-of-history.html">pulled AI vibe-coding apps from the App Store</a>, which is essentially saying: <em>we don&#8217;t trust what these tools produced.</em></p><p>If you bet on SaaS stocks getting hammered further, with pure fear that AI is about to make every software company obsolete, Apple just showed you why the fear is irrational. </p><p>I wen&#8230;</p>
      <p>
          <a href="https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/what-apples-ai-crackdown-got-right">
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Google Gave Away Frontier AI. Anthropic Hid Theirs.]]></title><description><![CDATA[One put it on the internet for free. The other said the world wasn't ready.]]></description><link>https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/google-gave-away-frontier-ai-anthropic</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/google-gave-away-frontier-ai-anthropic</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Jing Hu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 09 Apr 2026 16:25:05 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e20cfdbb-edb9-4016-908e-2756ff3b9327_1200x700.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2><strong>1. </strong>Use AI to Feel Less Alone. Does it Work?</h2><p>A study tracked nearly 2,000 Replika users on Reddit over two years, finding increased language about loneliness, depression, and suicidal ideation<em>,</em> not less. </p><p>&#8594; <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.22505">arXiv, Aalto University</a></p><p>Editor&#8217;s take: So, until this point, I&#8217;ve read hundreds of studies and industry reports, AI makes us <em>less smart, more lonely, an&#8230;</em></p>
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          <a href="https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/google-gave-away-frontier-ai-anthropic">
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[OpenAI Just Killed Its Most Viral Product ]]></title><description><![CDATA[How a $730B company looked at its most viral product and decided it wasn't worth saving.]]></description><link>https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/openai-just-killed-its-most-viral</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/openai-just-killed-its-most-viral</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Jing Hu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 05 Apr 2026 05:49:38 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!reyU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e4384cd-08ad-454d-acc5-690b43529941_1650x963.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!reyU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e4384cd-08ad-454d-acc5-690b43529941_1650x963.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!reyU!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e4384cd-08ad-454d-acc5-690b43529941_1650x963.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!reyU!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e4384cd-08ad-454d-acc5-690b43529941_1650x963.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!reyU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e4384cd-08ad-454d-acc5-690b43529941_1650x963.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!reyU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e4384cd-08ad-454d-acc5-690b43529941_1650x963.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!reyU!,w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e4384cd-08ad-454d-acc5-690b43529941_1650x963.png" width="1200" height="700.5494505494505" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2e4384cd-08ad-454d-acc5-690b43529941_1650x963.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;large&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:850,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:1200,&quot;bytes&quot;:1502825,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/i/192620903?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e4384cd-08ad-454d-acc5-690b43529941_1650x963.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-large" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!reyU!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e4384cd-08ad-454d-acc5-690b43529941_1650x963.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!reyU!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e4384cd-08ad-454d-acc5-690b43529941_1650x963.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!reyU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e4384cd-08ad-454d-acc5-690b43529941_1650x963.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!reyU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e4384cd-08ad-454d-acc5-690b43529941_1650x963.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>You probably have a hunch about this AI pattern. </p><p>A new tool launches, it does something genuinely mind-blowing, everyone shares it, loses their mind over it, and then a few months later&#8230; You realize you forgot about it until you read it in the news.</p><p>Sora is the extreme case of this. </p><p>It&#8217;s the most impressive AI demo of 2025. One percent retention left aft&#8230;</p>
      <p>
          <a href="https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/openai-just-killed-its-most-viral">
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Your AI Has Been Hijacked; The Productivity Gain That Doesn't Exist]]></title><description><![CDATA[DeepMind reveals how the web is already weaponised against AI agents; 750 CFOs mistake vibes for data.]]></description><link>https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/your-ai-has-been-hijacked-the-productivity</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/your-ai-has-been-hijacked-the-productivity</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Jing Hu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 03 Apr 2026 09:08:18 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!li4M!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F54363180-a23c-4f6b-a2a6-5454cdcfa57c_2432x1728.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2><strong>1. The Entire Anthropic Source Code Leaked</strong></h2><p>Anthropic shipped an internal debug file in a routine software update on March 31 that exposed 512,000 lines of source code for Claude Code. Before Anthropic could take the code down, developers had already copied and shared it widely.</p>
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          <a href="https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/your-ai-has-been-hijacked-the-productivity">
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[I Read All 4 NVIDIA AI Reports. The Numbers Contradict Themselves.]]></title><description><![CDATA[The revenue claims don't survive cross-referencing.]]></description><link>https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/i-read-all-4-nvidia-ai-reports-heres</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/i-read-all-4-nvidia-ai-reports-heres</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Jing Hu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 29 Mar 2026 05:47:44 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/97bb15b3-e707-4e94-936c-38bdc6ee9551_2432x1728.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>NVIDIA surveyed 3,200 people about AI and published the <a href="https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/industries/#state-of-ai-survey">results across four industry reports</a>. </p><p>The headline: <em><strong>88% of respondents said AI helps increase annual revenue.</strong> </em></p><p>That number is technically in the data. </p><p>But so is this: <strong>a third of the same respondents say they can't clearly measure AI's ROI. They're reporting revenue gains that they admit they can't v&#8230;</strong></p>
      <p>
          <a href="https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/i-read-all-4-nvidia-ai-reports-heres">
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[NVIDIA Wants to Be Apple; OpenAI Just Killed Sora.]]></title><description><![CDATA[Plus: 81,000 people told Anthropic what AI actually broke.]]></description><link>https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/nvidia-wants-to-be-apple-openai-just</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/nvidia-wants-to-be-apple-openai-just</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Jing Hu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 26 Mar 2026 15:22:28 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ri2J!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a96d5f4-dda2-4aed-9116-100d7117a594_2528x1686.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2><strong>1. 81,000 People on AI: The Math Doesn&#8217;t Add Up</strong></h2><p>Anthropic interviewed 80,508 users across 159 countries and 70 languages. </p><ul><li><p>81% said AI had already moved them toward their goals. </p></li><li><p>The top delivery area was productivity at 32%. </p></li><li><p>But right underneath: 18.9% said AI hasn&#8217;t delivered at all. </p></li><li><p>The top concern wasn&#8217;t job loss (22.3%) &#8212; it was unreliability, at 26.7&#8230;</p></li></ul>
      <p>
          <a href="https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/nvidia-wants-to-be-apple-openai-just">
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[How China Turns Housewives Into AI Entrepreneurs]]></title><description><![CDATA[Using a Strategy That Once Killed 30 Million]]></description><link>https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/raising-lobsters-chinas-national</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/raising-lobsters-chinas-national</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Jing Hu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 22 Mar 2026 07:05:45 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q6Sk!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0978abde-09b0-4476-9989-09deb2818d68_822x1032.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>You probably already knew or even used OpenClaw. </p><p>Here&#8217;s what you didn&#8217;t know: the way China is using OpenClaw looks nothing like what&#8217;s happening in the West. </p><p>In China, OpenClaw&#8217;s story shifted from a technology to an economic one.</p><p>Thousands of people in China are lining up to install an AI agent they don&#8217;t fully understand. Some are already making tens &#8230;</p>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[AI Can Do Good; Grads Unemployment AI Washing? ]]></title><description><![CDATA[BlackRock CEO Says AI Is Creating a Jobs &#8220;Crisis&#8221; for New Graduates]]></description><link>https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/2026-03-19-ai-can-do-good-grads-unemployment</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/2026-03-19-ai-can-do-good-grads-unemployment</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Jing Hu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 19 Mar 2026 17:40:09 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jHOt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe3a17387-d369-4551-9dfc-620b6fe19579_1320x450.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2><strong>BlackRock CEO Says AI Is Creating a Jobs &#8220;Crisis&#8221; for New Graduates</strong></h2><p>BlackRock CEO Larry Fink warned this week that the class of 2026 could face the highest graduate unemployment in years. </p><p>&#8594; <strong><a href="https://fortune.com/2026/03/18/blackrock-ceo-larry-fink-class-of-2026-gen-z-college-graduate-warning-ai-job-market-crisis-unprepared-workforce-skilled-trade-growth/">Fortune, March 18</a></strong></p><p><em>Editor&#8217;s take: No, people aren&#8217;t getting fired. And yes, the graduate unemployment rate tends to be impacted more seriously than that of people with &#8230;</em></p>
      <p>
          <a href="https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/2026-03-19-ai-can-do-good-grads-unemployment">
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Fastest Ways to Fail at AI]]></title><description><![CDATA[That 80 Million People Are Making Right Now]]></description><link>https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/i-fact-checked-the-most-viral-ai</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/i-fact-checked-the-most-viral-ai</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Jing Hu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 14 Mar 2026 06:50:37 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dX0F!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0eda43d7-6fd3-4b26-a82a-abc333e0a5d5_428x658.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://x.com/mattshumer_/status/2021256989876109403" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dX0F!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0eda43d7-6fd3-4b26-a82a-abc333e0a5d5_428x658.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dX0F!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0eda43d7-6fd3-4b26-a82a-abc333e0a5d5_428x658.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dX0F!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0eda43d7-6fd3-4b26-a82a-abc333e0a5d5_428x658.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dX0F!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0eda43d7-6fd3-4b26-a82a-abc333e0a5d5_428x658.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dX0F!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0eda43d7-6fd3-4b26-a82a-abc333e0a5d5_428x658.png" width="428" height="658" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0eda43d7-6fd3-4b26-a82a-abc333e0a5d5_428x658.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:658,&quot;width&quot;:428,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:174412,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;https://x.com/mattshumer_/status/2021256989876109403&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/i/190403217?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0eda43d7-6fd3-4b26-a82a-abc333e0a5d5_428x658.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dX0F!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0eda43d7-6fd3-4b26-a82a-abc333e0a5d5_428x658.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dX0F!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0eda43d7-6fd3-4b26-a82a-abc333e0a5d5_428x658.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dX0F!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0eda43d7-6fd3-4b26-a82a-abc333e0a5d5_428x658.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dX0F!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0eda43d7-6fd3-4b26-a82a-abc333e0a5d5_428x658.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>He writes &#8220;<em>AI is</em> <em>bigger than Covid</em>&#8220; and cites no employment data. He says, &#8220;<em><a href="https://x.com/mattshumer_/status/2021256989876109403">Share this before it&#8217;s too late</a>,</em>&#8220; by simply broadcasting his own anxiety about his own job at an AI company. </p><p>More than 85 million people saw this post. They shared it, endorsed it, lost sleep over it. </p><p>All went away with exactly the wrong lessons.</p><p>Not because the data is wrong, th&#8230;</p>
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          <a href="https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/i-fact-checked-the-most-viral-ai">
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Layoff Blame Game; China's OpenClaw Craze]]></title><description><![CDATA[This week: the AI layoff story is far messier than the headlines suggest, while China&#8217;s OpenClaw frenzy shows where real adoption is happening fastest.]]></description><link>https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/2026-03-12-sure-blame-ai-china-already</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/2026-03-12-sure-blame-ai-china-already</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Jing Hu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 13 Mar 2026 07:02:55 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4e0a4c62-3d18-4438-b03b-33446905a0ec_2752x1536.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2><strong>1. The AI Layoff Scorecard That Nobody Agrees On</strong></h2><p>Brookings published a research review this week concluding that the evidence on AI&#8217;s impact on the labor market is &#8220;collectively inconclusive.&#8221; A Gartner survey of 321 customer service executives found only 20% actually downsized due to AI &#8212; most layoffs came from broader economic conditions. Forrester wen&#8230;</p>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Most Confidently Wrong AI Report I've Ever Read]]></title><description><![CDATA[Two analysts publish &#8220;The 2028 Global Intelligence Crisis&#8220; on Substack.]]></description><link>https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/the-most-confidently-wrong-ai-report</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/the-most-confidently-wrong-ai-report</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Jing Hu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 07 Mar 2026 07:04:16 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c19dd4c0-689f-42a1-9160-6650f70bea36_2762x1448.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Two analysts publish <em>&#8220;<a href="https://www.citriniresearch.com/p/2028gic">The 2028 Global Intelligence Crisis</a>&#8220;</em> on Substack.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LyZO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7de14d84-e7ab-459e-92cf-dcd94c51ade9_710x1119.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LyZO!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7de14d84-e7ab-459e-92cf-dcd94c51ade9_710x1119.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LyZO!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7de14d84-e7ab-459e-92cf-dcd94c51ade9_710x1119.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LyZO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7de14d84-e7ab-459e-92cf-dcd94c51ade9_710x1119.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LyZO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7de14d84-e7ab-459e-92cf-dcd94c51ade9_710x1119.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LyZO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7de14d84-e7ab-459e-92cf-dcd94c51ade9_710x1119.webp" width="336" height="529.5549295774648" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7de14d84-e7ab-459e-92cf-dcd94c51ade9_710x1119.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1119,&quot;width&quot;:710,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:336,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LyZO!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7de14d84-e7ab-459e-92cf-dcd94c51ade9_710x1119.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LyZO!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7de14d84-e7ab-459e-92cf-dcd94c51ade9_710x1119.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LyZO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7de14d84-e7ab-459e-92cf-dcd94c51ade9_710x1119.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LyZO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7de14d84-e7ab-459e-92cf-dcd94c51ade9_710x1119.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>A fictional macro memo written in June 2028. AI displaces white-collar workers, consumer spending collapses, and financial markets crack.</p><p>By Monday morning, the Dow drops 800 points. And the companies named directly in the report take the hardest hits: DoorDash drops more than 7%; IBM&#8230;</p>
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          <a href="https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/the-most-confidently-wrong-ai-report">
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Your Staff Vents on ChatGPT; Big Tech Made a Pinky Promise]]></title><description><![CDATA[Hey, I certainly feel the winter/spring transition in London.]]></description><link>https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/2026-03-06-your-staff-is-venting</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/2026-03-06-your-staff-is-venting</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Jing Hu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 06 Mar 2026 07:02:57 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jfYH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffb8bcc8-fe6f-4808-b7c9-dab698c0a3c5_1470x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Hey, I certainly feel the winter/spring transition in London. I hope your spring is treating you better! </p><h2>1. Here&#8217;s Exactly How Bad Actors Are Using ChatGPT</h2><p>OpenAI&#8217;s February 2026 report documented the main ways its models are being misused: romance scams targeting Indonesian men, fake FBI lawyers re-scamming people who already got defrauded, and China-li&#8230;</p>
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          <a href="https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/2026-03-06-your-staff-is-venting">
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[AI Daddy Issue; A Sci-Fi Written by a Financier Disturbed the Market]]></title><description><![CDATA[Hey, happy Friday :)]]></description><link>https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/2026-02-27-daddy-issue-and-how-sci</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/2026-02-27-daddy-issue-and-how-sci</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Jing Hu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 27 Feb 2026 09:28:22 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6hNw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F59835a29-6689-421b-a636-9ce89221e6d4_1526x856.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Hey, happy Friday :) </p><h2>1. People are calling their AI &#8220;Daddy&#8221;</h2><p>Anthropic analyzed 1.5 million real Claude conversations and found users forming deep emotional dependencies &#8212; delegating personal decisions verbatim, using terms like &#8220;Daddy&#8221; and &#8220;Guru,&#8221; and later saying &#8220;it wasn&#8217;t me&#8221; about choices they regretted. Between late 2024 and 2025, the severity of th&#8230;</p>
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          <a href="https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/2026-02-27-daddy-issue-and-how-sci">
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[I Studied Every Anthropic AI Hackathon Winner. Here's What I've Found]]></title><description><![CDATA[The most valuable skill in AI right now isn't code, and you likely already have it.]]></description><link>https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/a-lawyer-just-beat-500-developers</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/a-lawyer-just-beat-500-developers</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Jing Hu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 26 Feb 2026 06:57:25 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/22fe7ea9-ea02-4420-8f38-83f994f581bd_2750x1438.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The most valuable thing in AI right now isn&#8217;t code, an Nvidia GPU, or a computer science degree. It&#8217;s something you probably already have &#8212; and most people building AI products have no idea it even exists.</p><p>A lawyer, a cardiologist, and a road technician from Uganda. None of them has a software background. All of them built successful AI products liked by thousands in under a week. </p><p>If they can do it, so can you. </p><p>And I mean that literally &#8212; because the thing that made all three of them win is the same thing you&#8217;re probably sitting on right now. You just don&#8217;t know it yet.</p><div><hr></div><p></p><p>Let&#8217;s rewind a little&#8230; </p><p>Last week, <a href="https://cerebralvalley.ai/e/claude-code-hackathon?tab=guest-list">Anthropic &#8212; the company behind Claude &#8212; ran a competition</a>. They wanted to see what people would build with their latest model in one week.</p><div class="native-video-embed" data-component-name="VideoPlaceholder" data-attrs="{&quot;mediaUploadId&quot;:&quot;0e122df2-4c50-4bc1-97ca-47d52ebde87d&quot;,&quot;duration&quot;:null}"></div><p>Thirteen thousand people applied to get in. Five hundred made it. </p><p>Most of them were developers. Engineers. People who&#8217;d spent years writing code. Those who you picture winning an AI hackathon. It was basically an unwritten rule: <em>you don&#8217;t show up to these things unless you can code</em>.</p><p>That rule has been cracking since people started vibe coding in 2023. By 2026, it's finally broken, for good.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">2nd Order Thinkers is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[All AI Powers on Earth Ranked]]></title><description><![CDATA[China is the #1 in this ranking, a factor impacts innovation in the next 10 years.]]></description><link>https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/top-93-countries-in-ai-explained</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/top-93-countries-in-ai-explained</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Jing Hu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 22 Feb 2026 07:04:17 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u6gG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33edd3a0-cc6e-45a2-8d05-8413f4733fc6_2236x1398.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Here are three questions. Get them all right, and you understand the AI race. </p><p>Get them wrong... well, you&#8217;re about to find out why everyone&#8217;s been looking at the wrong scoreboard.</p><ul><li><p>Question 1: <em>Which country has the most coherent national AI strategy?</em> A) United States, B) United Kingdom, C) Saudi Arabia</p></li><li><p>Question 2: <em>Which country&#8217;s citizens actually USE AI p&#8230;</em></p></li></ul>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[2026-02-20 Latest AI News and Thoughts]]></title><description><![CDATA[Ad vs No Ad; paper banana; 2nd law of thermodynamic on AI models.]]></description><link>https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/2026-02-20-latest-ai-news-and-thoughts</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.2ndorderthinkers.com/p/2026-02-20-latest-ai-news-and-thoughts</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Jing Hu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 13:46:26 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/youtube/w_728,c_limit/De-_wQpKw0s" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Hey, </p><p>Here&#8217;s me trying something new. </p><p>This isn't my typical long analysis piece. If anything, think of it as an email from a friend who reads too much. A list of what I came across during my research, and my quick thoughts, make of it what you will.</p><p>Happy Lunar New Year! </p><p>Jing Hu</p>
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